Willow
(Salix species: S. caprea – Goat willow; S. alba – White willow; S. viminalis – Osier)
Willows are common and widespread in the UK, with different species found in various habitats. The Goat willow (Salix caprea) is most commonly found in woodlands, hedgerows and scrubland, while the White willow (Salix alba) is often seen along riverbanks and wetlands. Osier (Salix viminalis) is cultivated mainly for its use in weaving and biomass production. Willows are deciduous trees that produce their characteristic catkins between March and April. The male catkins of the Goat willow, known as “pussy willow,” are a springtime feature, with their soft, silky appearance. Willows serve as an important source of food for a range of wildlife. The leaves and buds are eaten by deer, rabbits, and some insects, while the catkins provide an early pollen source for bees.
Fascinating fact:
The bark of willow has long been used for its medicinal properties as a painkiller and anti-inflammatory agent. Willow bark can reduce fever and is the natural source of aspirin.
Willows grow rapidly and can live for several decades. They are fast-growing trees and often reach full maturity in a relatively short time, making them ideal for sustainable resource production, such as wicker and biomass. Willow seeds are spread through dispersal by the wind or water. They are also easy to propagate and they root readily from twigs and branches. The quick-growing nature of willows makes them ideal for short rotation coppicing, where the wood can be harvested regularly.
Willow branches, also known as “withies,” have been used for centuries in various crafts, including basket weaving, furniture making, and in the creation of cloth and ropes. Ancient people even used whole willow trunks to construct log boats. The wood of mature willows is strong and tough, and was used for items such as wheel spokes and carts; and is, of course, still used to make cricket bats.
In Scottish tradition, boughs of willow with their catkins were cut to substitute for palms in Easter celebrations.
Did you know
Willows are noted for their ability to propagate from branches and twigs. This makes them an excellent plant for creating hedges, fences which take root, and other structures that can stabilize soil and prevent erosion. Willow trees are often planted in new areas, especially for erosion control and riverbank reinforcement.